Description
ABSTRACT
This project is titled design and construction of an automatic fire emergency control system. Fire emergency is an electronics device that is stored in a building to detect the presence of fire accident. An automatic fire emergency system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, an automatic fire emergency system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire emergency systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
1.6 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1.8 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
1.9 PARTS OF ALARM
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
2.2 REVIEW OF AUTOMATIC FIRE EMERGENCY
2.3 REVIEW OF TYPES OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
2.4 REVIEW OF FIRE ALARM DESIGN
2.5 REVIEW OF FIRE ALARM PARTS
2.6 REVIEW OF FIRE ALARM INITIATING DEVICES
2.7 FIRE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.4 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.5 DESIGN NOTE
3.6 BOOTING THE GSM MODULE
3.7 CONNECTING GSM MODULE TO ARDUINO
3.8 PROGRAM CODE
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ANALYSIS
4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.5 INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In modern society, it is impossible to imagine house or building without a fire accident detector. Modern houses require a continuous installation of fire detector. Not only industry, but also in the household. Take the case of a duplex that experience a fire accident without a detector that means everything in that building will get burnt even human beings. But in a case whereby fire alarm is installed that means every one in that building will be alerted and also fire security bodies will also be informed for quick security action. The same thing can also happen to our offices and industries. In order to notify residence of any building in the presence of fire accident, a fire alarm system is used.
An automatic fire emergency system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire emergency systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke [1].
An emergency warning system comprises either electronic sounders (applicable to Building Occupant Warning System only) or a network of loudspeakers and/or visual warning devices distributed throughout the building. Loudspeakers and/or visual warning devices are connected to control and indicating equipment according to [1].
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Fire is a chemical reaction in which a carbon based material (fuel), mixes with oxygen (usually as a component of air), and is heated to a point where flammable vapours are produced. These vapours can then come in contact with something that is hot enough to cause vapour ignition, and a resulting fire. In simple terms, something that can burn touches something that is hot, and a fire is produced [1].
Libraries, archives, museums, and historic structures frequently contain numerous fuels. These include books, manuscripts, records, artifacts, combustible interior finishes, cabinets, furnishings, and laboratory chemicals. It should be recognized that any item containing wood, plastic, paper, fabric, or combustible liquids is a potential fuel. They also contain several common, potential ignition sources including any item, action, or process which produces heat. These encompass electric lighting and power systems, heating and air conditioning equipment, heat producing conservation and maintenance activities, and electric office appliance. Flame generating construction activities such as soldering, brazing, and cutting are frequent sources of ignition. Arson is unfortunately one of the most common cultural property ignition sources, and must always be considered in fire safety planning [3].
When the ignition source contacts the fuel, a fire can start. Following this contact, the typical accidental fire begins as a slow growth, smoldering process which may last from a few minutes to several hours. The duration of this “incipient” period is dependent on a variety of factors including fuel type, its physical arrangement, and quantity of available oxygen. During this period heat generation increases, producing light to moderate volumes of smoke. The characteristic smell of smoke is usually the first indication that an incipient fire is underway. It is during this stage that early detection (either human or automatic), followed by a timely response by qualified fire emergency professionals, can control the fire before significant losses occur [2][5].
As the fire reaches the end of the incipient period, there is usually enough heat generation to permit the onset of open, visible flames. Once flames have appeared, the fire changes from a relatively minor situation to a serious event with rapid flame and heat growth. Ceiling temperatures can exceed 1,000° C (1,800° F) within the first minutes. These flames can ignite adjacent combustible contents within the room, and immediately endanger the lives of the room’s occupants. Within 3–5 minutes, the room ceiling acts like a broiler, raising temperatures high enough to “flash”, which simultaneously ignites all combustibles in the room. At this point, most contents will be destroyed and human survivability becomes impossible. Smoke generation in excess of several thousand cubic meters (feet) per minute will occur, obscuring visibility and impacting contents remote from the fire [3].
If the building is structurally sound, heat and flames will likely consume all remaining combustibles and then self extinguish (burn out). However, if wall and/or ceiling fire resistance is inadequate, (i.e. open doors, wall/ceiling breaches, combustible building construction), the fire can spread into adjacent spaces, and start the process over. If the fire remains uncontrolled, complete destruction or “burn out” of the entire building and contents may ultimately result [3][4].
1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this project is to design and construct an automatic fire emergency for a building that will detect the presence of fire accident in a building and thereby reporting the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
This device will detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion.
The work has two objectives as described below:-
- Send SMS to fire emergency department in the event of fire outbreak using Arduino and GSM Module – by specifying mobile number of the fire fighters inside the program.
- To notify the occupants of the house when fire occurred.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a timely manner, and to alert the building’s occupants and fire emergency organizations. This is the role of fire detection and alarm systems. Depending on the anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, number and type of occupants, and criticality of contents and mission, these systems can provide several main functions. First they provide a means to identify a developing fire through either manual or automatic methods and second, they alert building occupants to a fire condition and the need to evacuate. Another common function is the transmission of an alarm notification signal to the fire department or other emergency response organization.
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The primary advantage of a home automatic fire emergency system is increased reliability and the ability to place alarms and bells exactly where needed. However, the reason most people have them is that they wanted a burglar alarm system and the cost of adding fire alarm features to a residential burglary system is relatively small [5][6].
Another purpose to obtain remote monitoring services. This becomes important in cases where family members may not be capable of escaping from a fire without assistance. For example, if you have an older or physically impaired person in your home and a fire started when no one was home to assist that person, alarms alone might not be enough to assure their safety [6].
A feature of most monitoring services is the ability to keep special information on the residence which comes up on the computer screen whenever an alarm is received from that home. Thus, if there is a disabled person in the home who needs special assistance this fact will be known to the operator and can be passed along to the fire department when they are called [6].
1.6 BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT
The obvious benefits of fire alarm systems include the early warning benefits that can lead to saved lives and property. Fires can occur anywhere and at anytime. Today’s systems can increase the evacuation time for the occupants of a building so that they are able to get away before the fire spreads out of control. Other benefits include [2][3]:
- Automatically alerting emergency fire & medical services so help can quickly get to those in need. It can also alert other key contacts such as building owners and facility managers.
- With the precision of addressable systems, fire safety personnel know exactly where the fire is and thus have an easier and less risky job combating the fire and evacuating people from the building safely.
- Employees will feel more comfortable, secure, and happier working in a place that has an appropriate fire alarm system.
- If an auto-triggered fire suppressant systems like sprinklers are installed as part of your fire alarm system that includes suppressing a fire such as through a sprinkler system, it reduces the risks to life and the exposure of a property and its occupants to the hazardous prospects of a fire outbreak.
- With more hospitals and medical facilities embracing fire alarm systems in Nigeria, the feeling of safety within these facilities is at a high. Especially as they are integrated with other advanced system which enhances response time like gas detection and voice evacuation systems. Early fire detection is critical to the timely evacuation of patients in a hospital, especially patients who are unable to move themselves.
- Fire alarm systems can easily be integrated into a remote monitoring system either onsite or offsite.
- Additionally, fire alarm systems have a low entry cost and also the flexibility of where to place the system and its components
1.7 PROBLEM STATEMENT
This device use GSM network to operate, which means when network is bad or fails the operation of the device will be affected as well.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
Expense: The primary disadvantage of this device may be its expense. It is costly to have the system installed in the first place, but security companies charge a daily or monthly fee to provide monitoring services as well. These fees can quickly add up, so if you are on a budget, it may put a strain on your finances [1].
Also, in large buildings, they can be expensive to install because of the extensive amounts of wire that are necessary to accurately monitor initiating devices
1.9 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- Fire emergency Alarm and control system are very useful in remote locations where human interaction is limited. Such systems are useful in mines, industrial areas, factories etc.
- Fire emergency Alarm and control system helps to monitor locations and alert during fire that occurs in night time.
- Quick Actions to shut down Fire – 90% of fire damages occur due to lack of early fire detection. A fire attack is usually silent and people will know about fire only when it has spread across a large area. This helps to prevent major damages and losses created by a fire accident [3][6].
1.10 PARTS OF FIRE ALARM
Fire alarm composed of the following parts [2][3]:
- Primary Power supply: Commonly the non-switched 240 Volt Alternating Current source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. “Dedicated branch circuits” should not be confused with “Individual branch circuits” which supply energy to a single appliance.
- Secondary (backup) Power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealed lead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to supply energy in the event of a primary power failure.
- Initiating Devices: This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit and are either manually or automatically actuated. Examples would be devices pull stations, heat detectors, or smoke detectors. Heat and smoke detectors have different categories of both kinds.
1.11 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective, application, limitation and problem of this work was discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
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