Description
ABSTRACT
Transportation in urban areas is being transformed by various vehicles, with electric vehicle being among the fastest growing. Despite their fast growth, electric vehicles face charging problems. Wireless charging emerges as a solution by enabling battery charging without user intervention. This paper focuses on the design and construction of a wireless charging infrastructure for electric vehicle. The proposed system was validated with a real prototype, incorporating charging control system using arduino and other discrete components to ensure safe charging for various battery states, and is adaptable to a wide range of electric vehicles, enhancing the usability of such chargers in public installations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER
- WPT SYSTEMS AND CHARGING IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES
- WPT OPERATING PRINCIPLES
- CHARGING PROCESS
- ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING TECHNIQUES
- CAPACITIVE POWER TRANSFER TECHNIQUE FOR CHARGING
- INDUCTIVE POWER TRANSFER TECHNIQUE FOR CHARGING
2.7.1 Static charging
2.7.2 Dynamic charging
2.7.3 Static charging
2.7.1 Dynamic charging
2.8 COMMUNICATION
- ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES
2.10 BATTERY TYPES
2.11 REVIEW OF RELATED WORK
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
- WIRELESS CHARGING ARCHITECTURE
- SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- HARDWARE COMPONENTS
- WORKING PRINCIPLE
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
4.1 IMPLEMENTATION
4.2 RESULT
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the project
Due to the various environmental, socioeconomic, and political issues faced today, the continued focus on sustainable solutions has paved the way for the electrification of several industries. The automotive industry is one such sector that has enjoyed the transition to electrification while moving away from traditional practices that cause heavy pollution (Kurs et al., 2017). As a result, electric vehicle (EV) adoption is on the rise, and a significant amount of research and development is being performed to optimize the new technologies to meet the sustainability goals set by governments and international agencies, the expectations of the public, and the challenges of the status quo (Kurs et al., 2017).
Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the promising solutions to improve economic efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint in the transportation sector. Earlier research is focused on the plug-in and conductive solutions for charging the EVs and addressed the challenges of integrating this technology into electricity networks. Plug-in EVs have limited travel range and require large and heavy batteries. Therefore, conductive charging strategies require long waiting time that limits the applicability of EVs compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. More recent research efforts introduced wireless or inductive charging solutions that enable in-motion charging of the EVs which makes EV more favourable for the daily use of many drivers (Kurs et al., 2017). Earlier publications addressed the quantified potential benefits and challenges of wireless charging, the power electronic interfaces utilized for this technology, WCS placement, and battery sizing of the EVs with wireless charging technology (Chhawchharia et al., 2018). The main advantages of wireless charging technology include increasing the travel range, reducing the battery size and mitigating the prolonged waiting time for charging. Such advantages enhance the economic and environmental benefits as well as the adoption rates of EVs in the transportation networks.
Wireless charging – also referred to as in-motion charging is different from the conventional charging technologies as it enables charging the EV battery while driving in the transportation network. Therefore, the electricity demand for wirelessly charging the EVs is determined by the traffic volume in the transportation network and the decisions made for charging the EVs as they travel over the charging stations (Barman et al., 2018). Therefore, unlike the conventional plug-in charging solutions, wireless charging technology underlines the interdependence between the traffic routing and the EVs‟ charging strategies. The EV routing determines the electricity demand at different WCS, which in turn, would affect the electricity charging prices at these stations. Therefore, as the number of EVs with wireless charging capabilities increase, the characteristics of the demand imposed by the wireless charging of EV the day-ahead operation of the electricity network (Zhang et al., 2016). In this paper, the proposed decentralized approach addresses the interaction between the electricity and transportation networks by capturing the imposed wireless charging demand which is further determined by the traffic flow pattern and the price of electricity.
Wireless charging EV is a type of EV in which charging is done using wireless power transfer (WPT) technology, which does not require any physical contact in the process of transferring electric energy. WPT has been successfully applied for charging various handheld devices, such as medical devices, electronic toothbrushes, and smart phones. It has also been widely used for automated material handling systems in semiconductor fabrication and flat-panel display production lines. Wireless charging technology was first commercialized for automobiles to eliminate the conventional charging of „plug-in‟ EVs – charged by connecting a wired cable from a charger to the vehicle. The first wireless charging technology to be deployed was stationary, the system having been designed to charge EVs in garages or public parking spaces, when the vehicle is not operating for an extended period. Because a physical connection is not required, there has been major interest in the possibility of charging EVs while they are in transit. Charging an EV while in motion is called dynamic wireless charging. A typical dynamic wireless charging EV is a pure, battery-only EV that takes its electrical charge in motion, remotely, from a wireless charger installed underneath the road surface. Roads capable of supplying electric power to wireless charging EVs are called electrified roads or charging lanes (Zhang et al., 2016). There is also a third wireless charging category, quasi-dynamic wireless charging, in which the charging takes place when the EV decelerates to or accelerates from a resting position.
For both dynamic and quasi-dynamic wireless charging, charging can be done while the EV is in transit. These new charging mechanisms extend the operational range of EVs with both rapid boost charging during brief station stops and dynamic or “on the fly” charging opportunities.
Stationary wireless charging makes the charging process safer and more convenient. However, in terms of charging time, frequency, the operation of the vehicle, and charging station allocation, stationary charging is not significantly different from conventional plug-in conductive charging. In contrast, dynamic and quasi-dynamic wireless charging enables the EVs battery to be charged while in operation. This capability has raised new operations and infrastructural design issues that had never been raised for conventional plug-in EVs. These issues are the focus of this paper. Note that in this paper, references to “wireless charging EV” indicate dynamic and quasi-dynamic wireless charging EVs, if not specified.). It should also be stated that although the term wireless charging EV suggests a single vehicle unit, it should be understood as a system comprised of EVs and the charging infrastructure. Further terminological and categorical distinctions are discussed in subsequent sections.
1.2 Statement of the problem
World is shifting towards electrified mobility to reduce the pollutant emission caused by non-renewable fossil fuel vehicles. However, electric vehicle came into existence. In electric vehicle charging of battery through charger and wire is expensive, hazardous and inconvenient and drawback of wire charging technology is waiting at charging stations for hours (Longo et al., 2017). In order to overcome this problem a wireless charging infrastructure was invented. wireless charging insfrastrure gives us opportunity to charge our vehicles just by parking different vehicle on parking spot or even while driving we can charge our electric vehicles (Eltoumi et al., 2017). As if now we are very much familiar with wireless transmission of data, audio and video signals than why not transfer power over the air. The main feature of wireless charging is that it can transmit power by an electromagnetic field.
1.3 Aim and objectives of the project
The aim of this work is to build a wireless changing infrastructure for electric vehicle.
The objectives of the study are:
- To build a wireless changing infrastructure prototype for electric vehicle
- To provide a wireless power supply system to recharge an electric vehicle’s battery
- To study how wireless changing infrastructure have contributed in enhancing sustainable mobility.
- To present the state-of-the-art technical progress and research bottlenecks in WPT development and its applications in the transportation sector
- To evaluate the sustainable performance and identify challenges and opportunities for improvement
1.4 Significance of the project
This work will serve as a means of increasing the use of electric vehicles and also make them reliable and efficient for large distance respectively. Wireless power transfer can be implemented as a static and dynamic charging system.
The study will serve as a means of making an environmental and user friendly as the wires and mechanical connectors and related infrastructure are not required.
This study was carried out to overcome the problem seen in the Wired charging infrastructure such as space required is more, socket are different types, a small substation required, converter circuit is installed at every charging station, range of wire is limited and also time required for charging is more. This all problems is solved by wireless electrical vehicle charging system.
1.5 Scope of the project
The scope of this work covers the building of a prototype of a wireless changing infrastructure for electric vehicle using arduino. Arduino uno is the main component of the project as it control and monitor the parameters,. This work presents basic structure, operating principles and distinct features for wireless charging of EVs. First, the general techniques for wireless power transfer are described and explained. Next wireless charging systems for electric vehicles are classified and discussed in depth. Both the stationary and the dynamic wireless charging systems are discussed and reviewed.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
We have discussed and reviewed charging of electric vehicles using wireless power transmission. Wireless charging is considered a better alternative to traditional wired charging systems as it is user and environment friendly. Furthermore, it eliminates the need for wires and mechanical connectors, and therefore, avoids the associated hassles and hazards. Wireless charging systems also reduce the range anxiety and enhance the system efficiency.
In an EV, batteries are used for the storage of electrical energy, which is supplied by the charging system. Some parameters of a charging system, such as, charge rate and charging time, may depend upon the type, size and other characteristics of the batteries.
5.2 Recommendation
With the development and advancement of the enabling technologies, the societal acceptance of EVs has increased and more people are now driving these vehicles than before. EVs require a sufficient number of batteries for energy storage to maintain a reasonable driving range. EV wireless charging is an important enabling technology which has many benefits compared with the traditional wired charging. It allows the EVs to be charged without the use of connectors.
