Prevalence of microbial profile on student shuttle buses seat (a case study federal university gusau zamfara state)

Description

ABSTRACT

This study we have shown that student shuttle buses in Federal University Gusau Zamfara State, were highly contaminated with MRSA. Between May 2011 and May 2012, hand touched surfaces of 199 public buses in the school were screened for MRSA contamination. Subsequently, the hands of 575 passengers who frequently use these bus lines were also screened. All hand carriers of MRSA were further screened for nasal carriage. The isolates were characterized by PFGE, staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec typing, spa typing, MLST and were tested for the presence of mecA, Panton-Valentine leukocidin and arginine catabolic mobile element genes. MRSA contamination was shown in 72 buses (36.2%).  Eleven of these individuals were not nasal carriers of MRSA and all but one had travelled by school transportation scheme, namely by bus, prior to sampling. MRSA contamination of school transport and the transfer of the bacteria to the hands of passengers may represent a route through which hospital-acquired MRSA clones may spread to the community.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

GLOSSARY

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• AIM OF THE STUDY
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• OVERVIEW OF MICROORGANISM
• HISTORICAL AND DISCOVERY BACKGROUND OF MICROBES
• CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF MICROORGANISMS
• ECOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS
• APPLICATIONS OF MICROORGANISMS
• THE IMPACT OF MICROBES ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• INTRODUCTION
• STUDY AREA
• RESEACH DESIGN
• SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
• HAND SCREANING
• BACTERIA ISOLATION
• DATA ANALYSIS
• STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
• ETHICAL APPROVAL

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1      RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major healthcare associated (HA-MRSA) human pathogen responsible for mild to severe life threatening infections worldwide [1], [2]. Since the mid-1990 s, MRSA has also been identified as the etiological agent of infections acquired in the community (CA-MRSA) [3]–[5]. A major concern for public health emerged with the blurring of the molecular and epidemic boundaries between HA- and CA-MRSA: CA-MRSA strains originally confined to the community are increasingly causing healthcare-acquired infections as indicated by the rise in the proportion of USA300 isolates causing invasive infections.

Although, in 2011 the EARSS-Net reported stabilizing or even decreasing MRSA rates in several European countries, Portugal continues to show an increasing trend, reaching a nosocomial prevalence of 54.3%, which represents the highest rate in Europe [2]. A few highly disseminated clones are currently responsible for HA-MRSA infections in the country, namely EMRSA-15 (ST22-IV) – which has been endemic in Portuguese hospitals since 2001 – and the New York/Japan clone (ST5-II), which is currently the second most prevalent lineage [8]–[11].

In contrast, until very recently, the MRSA prevalence in the community has been extremely low. Studies including isolates from nasal swabs of young healthy individuals, nasopharyngeal swabs of children attending day care centers and isolates from soft tissues infections (SSTI) in children attending a pediatric emergency department, reported a prevalence of MRSA lower than 0.9% [12]–[14].

However, in 2010, the MRSA rate reached 25.9% among SSTI in adults attending heath care centers [11] and in 2013 a very high prevalence of CA-MRSA (21.6%) was reported among individuals with no risk factors who attended healthcare institutions in Portugal [17]. In both cases most of the isolates belonged to the major HA-MRSA clones. Moreover, this study showed that school shuttle buses circulating in school of health delta state, the second largest city of state, were frequently contaminated with MRSA strains which belonged to the HA-MRSA clone, EMRSA-15, a clone which until recently seemed to be strictly confined to hospitals. The detection of this clone on hand-held surfaces of public buses is an ominous sign suggesting a route through which nosocomial MRSA clones may be escaping to the community environment [18].

The purpose of the present study was to carry out the test of micro-organism in the the student shuttle buses seat– Federal University Gusau Zamfara State. Since S. aureus transmission occurs mainly by skin contact, we also screened the hands of individuals who frequently travelled by bus and who may represent a stage in the spread of MRSA clones within the community.

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells.

Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here.

Microorganisms, or microbes, are tiny organisms, often single celled that are invisible to the naked eye. Microbes are found everywhere, they are on and in our bodies, and in the food and water we drink and in the air we breathe. It is often difficult to understand and learn about organisms that are too small to visualize, however microbiological techniques allow scientists to grow microbes to a concentration that makes them visible. Microbes include bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Using specialized growth media, known as LB agar, a single bacterium can multiply rapidly forming a colony of identical bacteria, which is visible to the naked eye.

1.2                                          STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Micro-organisms are found everywhere most expecially in public places such as school buses which can be spread through human contact. The most common among them is staphylococcus aureus. staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal bacteria. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria often cause skin infections but can cause pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections. Staphylococcus aureus is present in the nose (usually temporarily) of about 30% of healthy adults and on the skin of about 20%. The percentages are higher for people who are patients in a hospital or who work there.

The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as buses seat, gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing.

Carriers are people who have the bacteria but do not have any symptoms caused by the bacteria. Carriers can move the bacteria from their nose to other body parts with their hands, sometimes leading to infection. People who are hospitalized or work in a hospital are more likely to be carriers.

1. These bacteria are spread by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing.
2. Skin infections are common, but the bacteria can spread through the bloodstream and infect distant organs.

• Skin infections may cause blisters, abscesses, and redness and swelling in the infected area.

1. The diagnosis is based on the appearance of the skin or identification of the bacteria in a sample of the infected material.
2. Thoroughly washing the hands can help prevent spread of infection.
3. Antibiotics are chosen based on whether they are likely to be effective against the strain causing the infection.

1.3                                                     AIM OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile on student buses seat using federal university of Gusau, zamfara state as the case study.

1.4                                                PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the present study was to carry out the test of micro-organism in the the student shuttle buses seat– Federal University Gusau Zamfara State. Since S. aureus transmission occurs mainly by skin contact, we also screened the hands of individuals who frequently travelled by bus and who may represent a stage in the spread of MRSA clones within the community.

1.5                                               OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

At the end of this work student involved shall be able to know:

1. Grow microorganisms found in our
2. Introduction to microorganisms

• The effect of microorgainism on human health

1. How micro- organism can be contacted using hands

1.6                                                      HYPOTHESIS

HO:     Microbial organisms are not observed on student buses seat and are not responsible for many infection among students.

Hg       = Microorganisms are observed on student buses seat and they are responsible for many infection among students

1.7                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be useful to students that travel with student shuttle buses.  The outcome of this research will guide users on how to avoid contacting micro-organism mostly in public places such as school shuttle buses.

1.8                                             LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

There are many or different type of microorganism that are found in public places which can be contacted via human or object contact but this particular work is limited to staphylococcus aureus which is the most common type among them.