Description
The Embedded technology has entered almost in all aspects of day-to-day life, and the healthcare field is no exception for that the requirement for fully-equipped hospitals and diagnostic centers growing day by day as people are becoming more unaware of their health problems. An ECG signal can trace various physiological and abnormal conditions of the heart. This heart monitoring system also helps to inform the person whether he/she has any heart diseases or not. This is done by checking the heart beat level. In this system Atmega controller is used to scan ECG signal and search for pattern in common range, if the pattern will be in normal range then it gives the report of being normal if it is found that it is not in normal range then the person is suffering from some kind of heart disease. The following result is sent as an alert message on IOT. We here use IOTGecko to develop the IOT based signalling part over internet.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- METHODOLOGY
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE HEARTBEAT
2.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING HEART RATE
2.3 FACTORS DECREASING HEART RATE
2.4 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
2.5 REVIEW OF IOT-BASED ECG RECORDING
2.6 IOT-BASED ECG RECORDING TECHNOLOGY
2.7 DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYTICS
2.8 APPLICATIONS OF IOT-BASED ECG RECORDING
2.9 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
3.2 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.3 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4 PACKAGING
4.5 MOUNTING PROCEDURE
4.6 TESTING
4.7 RESULT
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATION AND REFERENCES
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) cause 17.9 million deaths a year, making them one of the top causes of mortality globally. Preventing complications, lowering hospital admissions, and increasing patient survival rates all depend on early detection and ongoing monitoring of cardiac problems. The electrocardiogram, or ECG, is one of the most popular diagnostic tools for identifying heart abnormalities such as arrhythmias, myocardial infarctions, and other structural or functional disorders. The ECG provides important information about the heart’s rhythm and health by measuring its electrical activity (Jone et al., 2022).
ECG monitoring has historically taken place in clinical settings, necessitating patient visits to medical institutions for diagnosis and follow-up. Despite its effectiveness, this traditional method has drawbacks: it is sporadic rather than continuous, it may not catch unexpected cardiac episodes right away, and it can be inconvenient for patients, especially those who live in rural or underdeveloped areas. Furthermore, the chance of heart disease progressing undetectably is increased since many patients neglect to attend routine check-ups because of lack of awareness, expense, or distance (Faggiano et al., 2022).
New opportunities for continuous, real-time, and remote health monitoring have been made possible by recent developments in the Internet of Things (IoT). Wearable ECG sensors and wireless communication modules can be integrated into IoT-enabled healthcare systems to gather, process, and send physiological data to cloud-based platforms or healthcare providers. This allows for timely medical intervention, early warning alarms in the event of problems, and ongoing monitoring of a patient’s cardiac activity (Morino et al., 2020).
The IoT-based ECG-based heart defect monitoring system is a state-of-the-art medical technology that continually monitors and evaluates people’s heart health by utilizing the power of connected devices and real-time data processing. This system offers a thorough and proactive approach to cardiac care by combining cloud computing, wireless connection, and ECG sensors. Almost every element of daily life has been impacted by embedded technology, and the healthcare industry is no exception. As people become more conscious of their health issues, the need for fully furnished hospitals and diagnostic facilities increases daily. Numerous heart physiological and pathological disorders can be traced using an ECG signal (Karimian et al., 2020).
In this project, an improved fall detection system for elderly person monitoring is proposed, which is based on smart sensors worn on the body and operates via consumer home networks. The smart sensors include a temperature sensor, an ECG sensor, and a heartbeat sensor. The sensor values are measured by an MCU and transmitted to the PC via Wi-Fi. It will receive sensor data and store it in a database. Any sensor value that exceeds the limit will alert the corresponding person
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
These days, heart issues can occur at any age, and the majority of individuals suffer from heart-related illnesses. Heart conditions can be fatal and create serious health problems. According to the WHO, heart-related problems cause several million deaths annually. Eliminating the risk of heart-related issues is crucial. The analysis of coronary illness provides physical testing, indicators, and manifestations of a chronic condition. Heart patients need to be continuously monitored, analyzed, and treated appropriately. The electrocardiographic (ECG) signal determines how well the heart is working. Both at rest and during exercise, an ECG can identify a number of heart conditions. According to the American Heart Organization, an average beats of heart varies from 60 beats per minute and up to 100 beats per minute for human in the age of 15 years and older.
They suggest person fitness corresponding to their particular limit of heart rate. The level of fitness cannot be maintained when the exercise goes below 50 percent whereas the heart attack causes due to exercising beyond 85 percent.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of the study is to propose the Internet-of Things based electrocardiogram monitoring system that can be used for detection of heart disease. The objectives of the study are:
- To build the system prototype
- To use ECG sensors to continuously monitor a patient’s heart activity in real time
- To lessen the need for frequent hospital visits by enabling physicians and caregivers to keep an eye on patients from any location.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this work covers building an Arduino based internet of things (IOT) based heart defect monitoring system using ECG. The system used an Arduino to scan ECG signal and search for pattern in common range, if the pattern will be in normal range then it gives the report of being normal if it is found that it is not in normal range then the person is suffering from some kind of heart disease.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The potential to enhance patient safety, medical research, and healthcare delivery makes the proposed Internet of Things (IoT)-based Heart Defect Monitoring System with ECG significant in a number of fields.
For the patients:
Early Detection and Prevention for Patients: Constant ECG monitoring lowers the risk of unexpected cardiac events by enabling the early detection of irregular heart rhythms or abnormalities.
Convenience and Comfort: Patients can be monitored from a distance without having to visit the hospital frequently, which enhances their quality of life and lowers travel expenses.
Peace of Mind: Patients and their families may rest easy knowing that any significant changes will be identified immediately thanks to real-time alerts and messages.
For the health industry:
The capacity to remotely monitor patients’ cardiac condition allows medical professionals to take prompt action, especially in emergency situations. Making Decisions Based on Data Better diagnosis and individualized treatment approaches are supported by the system’s accurate, real-time ECG data.
Workload Reduction: Healthcare workers may concentrate on critical situations because automation eliminates the need for frequent manual checks.
Cost Efficiency for the Healthcare Sector: Preventive care and early detection save long-term treatment costs and avoidable hospital stays.
Integration with Telemedicine: Increases access to cardiac treatment in underserved and rural areas by enhancing current telehealth systems. Medical technology innovation opens the door for more sophisticated remote diagnostic tools by promoting the use of IoT and AI in healthcare.
For Academic and Research Communities:
The research of cardiovascular disorders can benefit from the analysis of large quantities of ECG data obtained through the Internet of Things. Future Systems Model acts as a model for creating more biological monitoring systems based on the Internet of Things.
This study encourages multidisciplinary learning by combining computer science, electronics, healthcare, and data analytics, this program encourages cooperation amongst several academic disciplines.
For the Society
This study ensures that more people have access to life-saving monitoring by bridging the gap between urban and rural medical facilities.
This tool lowers heart-related death rates by detecting heart illness early, which promotes community health.
Additionally, the study will raise public knowledge and adoption of IoT solutions and wearable medical technologies.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Draw a block diagram.
- Test for continuity of components and devices,
- programming of microcontroller
- Design and calculation for the work was carried out.
- Studying of various component used in circuit.
- Construct the whole circuit.
- Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Atrial Fibrillation (AFib or AF) – A type of irregular heartbeat that occurs when the upper chambers of the heart beat very fast and unpredictably, producing an irregular heartbeat.
Autonomic Reflex Testing – A series of tests that monitor blood pressure, blood flow, heart rate, skin temperature, and sweating in response to stimuli to determine if the autonomic nervous system is functioning normally.
Bradycardia – A slower than normal heart rate of under 60 beats per minute.
Cardiologist – A doctor who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases in the heart and blood vessels.
Cryptogenic Stroke – A stroke of unknown cause.
Echocardiogram – A device that provides a “moving” picture of the heart, heart valves, and how the heart is pumping.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) – A test that records the heart’s electrical activity.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) – A test that records brain wave activity to help determine where seizures may occur.
Electrophysiologist – A cardiologist who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormal heartbeats, including when the heart beats too fast, too slow, or in a way that pumps blood inefficiently.
Electrophysiology (EP) Study – A test that reproduces abnormal heart rhythms and extra heartbeats so the heart’s electrical impulses and responses to the heartbeats can be evaluated.
Heart Palpitations – Sensations that feel like the heart is pounding, racing, fluttering, skipping, or adding a beat.
Hemodynamic Testing – A test that evaluates the blood flow and pressure when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood throughout the body.
1.8 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
The organization of the project report is well detailed and vast in its coverage. It covers all the activities encountered during the research work. The first chapter is the introductory chapter, which covers the background, project objectives, scope of the project, constraints and block diagram overview of the states. Chapter two presents the literature review. Chapter three covers the system analysis and design including the design methodology in block diagram form, implementation, which shows the component layout, the wiring schedule, the wiring diagram and the complete schematic diagram. Chapter four covers the testing and integration of the project design. The system testing was first carried out in a laboratory. Chapter five is the Conclusion, which includes the summary of achievements, problems encountered during project design, recommendation and suggestion for further improvement.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
After the design and construction of the heart rate monitor, it was put to test. Test results show an accuracy comparable to the low-cost materials. This system measures heart rate efficiently in a short time and with less expense without using time consuming and expensive clinical pulse detection systems. It is a very efficient system and very easy to handle and thus provides great flexibility and serves as a great improvement over other conventional monitoring system. The main objective of this paper is to present the idea that can help many dying patients who can be saved by regular monitoring of the heart rate. Emergency service can be helpful to get an ambulance to the doorstep which in turn will be beneficial for those who stay alone in a house. The patient just has to use it in their hand to get the optimal result.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
The proposed theory can help the patient to be more careful and reduce the chance of dying without proper medical treatment. Therefore, we propose and highly recommend working on this research work to get it implemented for the future work.
For comfortable and ongoing patient monitoring, extend compatibility to a range of wearable technology, such as smartwatches, chest straps, and ECG patches.
For comprehensive health monitoring, enable multi-sensor fusion by combining ECG with additional health indicators (such as blood pressure, body temperature, and oxygen saturation).
