Description
ABSTRACT
A satellite is defined as a natural space body orbiting around the other natural space body. As for example, moon is the satellite of earth and earth is the satellite of sun. Nowadays the artificial spacecrafts are named satellites as well, because they are launched by a rocket to the space and are kept there by gravitational force revolving around the earth similarly as planets can orbit around the other planets. Satellites are highly specialized wireless receivers/transmitters, which main function is to relay the radio frequency waves and the encoded information in them from one corner of the world to another. However, this work discuses the working of a satellite communication system and the use of electromagnetic (EM) waves in this system.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- DESSCRIPTION OF SATELLITE
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SATELLITE
- OTHER TYPES OF SATELLITE
- REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS OF SATELITE
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- USE OF EM WAVES IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
- SELECTION OF THE BAND
- BANDS OF INTEREST
- USING C-BAND AND K-BAND
- MAIN COMPONENTS OF A SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
- WORKING OF A SATELLITE
- SATELLITE COMMUNICATION BLOCK DIAGRAM
CHAPTER FOUR
- NEED FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
- WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
- OPERATION LIMIT OF SATELLITE
- LIMITATIONS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from the shorter wavelengths (including gamma and x-rays) to the longer wavelengths (including microwaves and broadcast radio waves). There are several regions of the electromagnetic spectrum which are useful for remote sensing.
For most purposes, the ultraviolet or UV portion of the spectrum has the shortest wavelengths which are practical for remote sensing. This radiation is just beyond the violet portion of the visible wavelengths, hence its name. Some Earth surface materials, primarily rocks and minerals, fluoresce or emit visible light when illuminated by UV radiation (Martin, 2008).
Satellites operate in a particular areas or “bands” of the spectrum, a portion of which you can see here. The higher up you go in frequency, the larger the bands become and the more information you can carry. Viasat operates primarily in the Ka-band, in the 28 GHz range. Most satellite TV operators use the lower frequency C or Ku-band, because the data flow only goes one direction and does not require as much bandwidth. However, when information must be sent both directions more bandwidth is required to make the communication work efficiently. These higher bands are good for transmitting data, but as you go up in frequency, the complexity of the equipment increases (Martin, 2008).
These higher frequencies are also more subject to interference — typically referred to as “attenuation.” Unlike shorter wavelengths, they don’t pass through solid objects like walls, and rain can also affect the signal. For Ku and Ka bands, this is in large part due to the fact that water molecules are approximately the same width as the wave. Satellite addresses this problem by using external antennas and line-of-sight installations. While heavy rain or snow can still affect signal, the effect is usually short-lived due to the duration of heavy weather.
In addition, ground-based technologies using these higher bands of the spectrum can use smaller antennas since the higher-frequency signals are able to be focused more effectively.
For satellite communications, different bandwidths are useful for different applications. For satellite broadband, the higher frequencies work best for transmitting more data. Viasat uses several different frequency bands for our services: L-band for maritime applications, Ku-band for some aviation, and Ka-band and above for aviation, residential and more.
Electromagnetic waves is used for communication. Mobile phones communicate to a mobile cell tower using radio waves, towers communicate with satellites. This signal can be sent to a satellite and used to communicate around the world. This work studies the application of electromagnetic wave in satellite communication.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This work is aimed at studying the basics of electromagnetic wave and how satellite television used it. The objectives are:
i. To explain the different methods by which electromagnetic waves are produced across the spectrum.
ii. To determine the type of Electromagnetic waves used in satellite communication.
iii. To explain why the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This work covers the description of radio frequencies allow information (images, sound, and data) to be transmitted over large distances by radio waves and the basis of satellite communications, which are known as a portion of the “electromagnetic spectrum” which is the term used to describe the range of possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiations.
1.4 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Waves: Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation) travels in waves at the speed of light. Unlike waves that travel through sound and water, EM waves require no medium. They can move through air as well as the vacuum of space.
The electromagnetic spectrum: This refers to the range of all types of EM radiation, which is a form of energy. The difference between one end of the spectrum and the other is determined by the frequency of the waves. Visible light makes up one section of the EM spectrum, as do radio, X-rays and gamma rays.
Frequency bands: This term simply refers to the chunks of wavelengths making up the spectrum. Ka-band, often used for satellite, is one type of band. Visible light is another. Some bands are quite large, while others may have just a sliver of “bandwidth.”
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
At the end of this study answers to the following question shall be provided:
- Which electromagnetic wave in the spectrum is used in television?
- What are the applications of electromagnetic spectrum?
- How are electromagnetic waves used in satellite communication?
- Which part of electromagnetic spectrum is used in satellite communication?
- Can you identify forms of communication that use electromagnetic waves?
- What is the working principle of satellite?
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
The outer space has always fascinated people on the earth and communication through space evolved as an offshoot of ideas for space travel. The earliest idea of using artificial satellites for communications is found in a science fiction Brick Moon by Edward Evert Hale, published in 1869-70. While the early fictional accounts of satellite and space communications bear little resemblance to the technology as it exists today, they are of significance since they represent the origins of the idea from which the technology eventually evolved. The satellite communication through the EM waves has many applications for the smooth functioning of life and it made the communication with each other very simple. In the area of satellite communications, the technology has been responsive to the imaginative dreams. Hence it is also expected that technological innovations will lead the evolution of satellite communications towards the visions of today.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Working on this topic (satellite communication) as my project is a good idea and it comes at the right time. I am suggesting that this particular topic should also be given to other students both in higher and lower class and other areas of the work that was covered in this work should be covered in the next work.
