Description
In this project we designed to automatically sense the soil resistance and di-electric conditions. It will automatically monitor the soil and and displays the reading via LCD. By applying this Arduino-based soil resistance and di-electric testing system, the power installation lands can be monitored. We can also use the simple battery to store energy as a back-up in case of interrupted power supply. This project can be used to evaluate the loss of resistance and di-electric in the top soils, over time. Moreover in any type of climate this system will be useful and easily rectify the soil problem.
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENT
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- OUTLINE OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER TWO
- LITERATURE REVIW
- REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES
- REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS
- RESEARCH GAP
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DESIGN METHODODLOGY
3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2 BLOCK-DESCRIPTION
3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.4 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.5 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
3.6 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
3.7 SOURCE CODE
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.6 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Ground resistance is the resistance between a grounding electrode and the earth. It cannot be measured without inserting the electrode into the ground. Since earth has comparatively low resistivity, a voltage drop occurs near the electrode from which the current used to make the measurement flows [1][2].
The resistance between a grounding electrode and the earth is generally known as ground resistance. More precisely, ground resistance is the total of the grounding conductor’s resistance, the contact resistance of the grounding conductor and earth, and the earth’s resistance [3].
Grounding resistance (resistance to electric current spreading) is defined as “countermeasures” to spreading of the electric current in the ground, coming to it through the ground electrode system [4].
A wide variety of industries need a better understanding of the materials they are working with to shorten design cycles, improve incoming inspection, process monitoring, and quality assurance. Every material has a unique set of electrical characteristics that are dependent on its dielectric properties. Accurate measurements of these properties can provide scientists and engineers with valuable information to properly incorporate the material into its intended application for more solid designs or to monitor a manufacturing process for improved quality control. A dielectric materials measurement can provide critical design parameter information for many electronics applications. For example, the loss of a cable insulator, the impedance of a substrate, or the frequency of a dielectric resonator can be related to its dielectric properties. The information is also useful for improving ferrite, absorber and packaging designs [5][6].
The earth resistance tester is a commonly used device in sectors such as electricity, postal services, railways, communications, and mining for measuring ground resistance. It discards the traditional manual hand-cranked power generation method and employs advanced large-scale integrated circuits. It applies DC/AC conversion technology to merge the three-terminal and four-terminal measurement methods into one. This instrument is known for its simplicity of operation, precise measurements, and high-precision electrical testing capabilities [7].
A dielectric measurement device can provide critical design parameter information for many electronics applications. For example, the loss of a cable insulator, the impedance of a substrate, or the frequency of a dielectric resonator can be related to its dielectric properties.
This work is aimed at building an automated earth resistant and di-electric measurement device.
1.2 Statement of the problem
The grounding devices and the quality of cable insulation on the transmission lines of poles and tower shall be detected regularly. These devices with larger resistance shall be reconstructed until they reach the standard. This is very important for prevention of lightning trip and the protection of the power grid [8][9].
The traditional earth and di-electric testers consist of a hand-driven DC generator, a current coil, a potential coil, a fixed resistor, a current-limiting resistor, a constant magnet, and a scale with a pointer which is prone to errors due to parallax and their reading is taking manually. To overcome these problems and automatic earth resistant is built which automatically takes reading automatically and displays its reading digitally.
1.3 Aim and objectives of the study
The aim of this study is to build an automated earth resistant and di-electric measurement device.
The objectives of this study are:
- To build the system prototype at low cost.
- To ensure proper protections of electrical installations.
- To main a high level safety for lives and properties.
- To build a system that will overcome the limitations seen in manual type of the measurement device.
1.4 Scope of the study
The all electrical equipment like as domestic or industrial are grounded with earthing electrode. Equipment and human is protected from any fault like as short circuit or other fault. Low resistance value of earthing means the earthing is good because the fault current will pass into ground quickly. Earthing value should be less than 2 ohm but after passing time the value can be increase, also there is need to check the strength of cable insulator, the impedance of a substrate before carrying out any electrical installation. So for checking earth resistance value and strength of cable insulator, the earth resistance and di-electric meter is used.
1.5 Significance of the study
Measuring the resistance between a grounding electrode and the earth is a sure means of ensuring a safe and effective grounding system. Therefore, this study will serve a means of identifying potential issues like inadequate grounding or high soil resistivity, which can affect electrical system performance.
This device will serve as a means of protecting people and equipment from electrical hazards.
Ensuring the safe reading of these data will ensure the stability and reliability of electrical system.
Building this device will serve as a means of identifying and addressing potential faults in the system.
1.6 Outline of the study
This paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the literature review of the study. Section III brief the designing of the entire system. section IV presents the test and result analysis, Section V discusses the conclusion and recommendation.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
This project will find the loss of earth resistance and di-electric in the soil then convert it into the corresponding analogue voltage and sends it to the microcontroller and the controller displays the reading via LCD. Mostly a small type of Arduino-based earth resistance and di-electric system will be designed and applied for small home gardening and local housing. For power installation we can use progressive earth resistance and di-electric device, the same above project has been stretched and used.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Because this device is a power testing device, it is recommended that a thick wiring be used all through the implementation.
For the future work, it is recommended that a GSM module will be interfaced which will allow the system to send readings wirelessly.
