Description
DC motors are widely used in industries because of its versatile characteristics and because of power electronics devices its controlling is becoming sophisticated and precise, but on the other hand because of the power electronics devices power factor and total harmonics distortion problem is becoming more prominent. In this paper, DC motor control methodology was discussed. The brushless DC motor driver circuit discussed here uses a DRV10866 driver IC to drive a small BLDC fan, without using any position sensors.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRCT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- AIM/OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
2.2 REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDY
2.10 REVIEW OF DC MOTOR
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.5 COMPONENTS LIST
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3 CONSRUCTION OF THE CASING
4.4 MOUNTING PROCEDURE
4.5 TESTING
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
DC drives are DC motor speed control systems. Since the speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to armature voltage and inversely proportional to motor flux (which is a function of field current), either armature voltage or field current can be used to control speed
Because of low cost, less complex control structure and wide range of speed and torque, DC motor are popular in industry. Available methods of speed control of DC drives are field control, armature control and armature resistance control methods (Gopal, 2022).
Speed of a DC motor can be controlled easily in both the ranges above and below the base speed. Most of the time, DC motors are customized at the time of installation as per the need which makes them irreplaceable. Armature voltage control method of speed control of DC drive is popularly used in which controlled rectifier or chopper are involved, though due to power electronics elements, an undesirable nonlinear torque speed characteristics are observed (Gopal, 2022).
An electric motor develops torque by keeping the magnetic fields of the rotor (the rotating part of the machine) and the stator (the fixed part of the machine) misaligned. One or both sets of magnets are electromagnets, made of a coil of wire wound around an iron core. DC running through the wire winding creates the magnetic field, providing the power that runs the motor. The misalignment generates a torque that tries to realign the fields. As the rotor moves and the fields come into alignment, it is necessary to move either the rotor’s or stator’s field to maintain the misalignment and continue to generate torque and movement. The device that moves the fields based on the position of the rotor is called a commutator (Gopal, 2022).
Brushed DC motors develop a maximum torque when stationary, linearly decreasing as velocity increases. Some limitations of brushed motors can be overcome by brushless motors; they include higher efficiency and lower susceptibility to mechanical wear. These benefits come at the cost of potentially less rugged, more complex, and more expensive control electronics (Chang-liang, 2022).
A typical brushless motor has permanent magnets that rotate around a fixed armature, eliminating problems associated with connecting current to the moving armature. An electronic controller replaces the commutator assembly of the brushed DC motor, which continually switches the phase to the windings to keep the motor turning. The controller performs similar timed power distribution by using a solid-state circuit rather than the commutator system (Chang-liang, 2022).
Brushless motors offer several advantages over brushed DC motors, including high torque to weight ratio, increased efficiency producing more torque per watt, increased reliability, reduced noise, longer lifetime by eliminating brush and commutator erosion, elimination of ionizing sparks from the commutator, and an overall reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI). With no windings on the rotor, they are not subjected to centrifugal forces, and because the windings are supported by the housing, they can be cooled by conduction, requiring no airflow inside the motor for cooling. This in turn means that the motor’s internals can be entirely enclosed and protected from dirt or other foreign matter (Chang-liang, 2022).
The usage of Brushless-DC (BLDC) motors is becoming more commonplace in the automotive and industrial markets. Although more challenging to spin, BLDC motor drivers make spinning BLDC motors as simple as possible by reducing design complexity while improving system efficiency. TI offers a diverse portfolio of BLDC motor drivers that support various architectures, integration, and control methods to best suit a wide range of applications. The aim of this work is to build a brushless dc motor driver
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Drawback of this method of dc motor speed control is that they are not able to control the motor speed smoothly at lower levels, and as the desired speed is decreased, the torque of the motor also decreases proportionately. Due to this, at any unpredictable point the motor may just halt very abruptly. Also, during power ON, the motor may just not start up at lower speed settings and may require an initial boost by increasing the setting. Such situations are pretty undesirable and do not constitute an ideal speed control.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this work is to build a brushless dc motor driver. The objectives of the study are:
- To build the system prototype.
- To efficiently and reliably control the speed and torque of a BLDC motor
- To build a driver that driver should be designed to minimize power losses, ensuring that the motor operates efficiently and extends battery life in portable applications.
- To build a system that will minimize noise and vibration, ensuring smooth and quiet operation.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this work covers designing and constructing a brushless DC motor driver is to efficiently and reliably control the speed and torque of a BLDC motor, enabling applications that require precise and variable control. This involves managing the current flow to the motor’s windings to achieve the desired motor behavior, ensuring high efficiency, and minimizing noise and vibration
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This device when modified can be used in controlling the movement and speed of other portable devices in industries such as in conveyors, Lathe Machines, Centrifugal Pumps, Fans, Blowers, Conveyors, Lifts, Weaving Machine, Spinning machines, etc.
1.6 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
This work is a Simple control of BLDC motor driver, it has:
- High reliability and
- Low initial cost of production
1.7 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a variable dc motor drive. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a variable dc motor drive were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of a variable dc motor drive. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
This paper proposes an inexpensive and compact model of a brushless dc motor control using 555 timers and DRV10866. Depending upon pre-determined data the signals from ic are conditioned and corresponding output pins are checked for correctness The system that has been implemented has shown considerable output that matched our requirement. This was achieved by small and user friendly 555 timers and DRV10866.
The project has been successfully completed and the main objective of emulating a BLDC motor has been achieved.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This control system is recommended for every electronics laboratories, and industries to aid those working or living in those places when it comes to repairing their equipment. This control system has to be perceived by the society and the world at large as a necessary and vital technological upgrade.
While working on this design, at some point in time we were carried away by the fact that our project is working as desired but on further thinking, we thought about the fact that our control system should working independently on its own when it comes to the power supply unit, that the system get its power from the public power supply system which is well known that it is not stable, so on this note , we will advice any further work on this control system to have its power supply independent on its own or better still use rechargeable batteries or solar if possible.
