Description
Rapid economic development and population growth in Minna Metropolis had accelerated the generation of solid waste. This issue gives pressure for effective management of municipal solid waste (MSW) to take place in Minna Metropolis due to the increased cost of landfill. This work discusses the application of Linear Programming in waste-to-wealth (WTW) optimization for sustainable development. In this work, 3 scenarios have been used to demonstrate the applicability of the model: (1) Incineration scenario (2) Landfill scenario (3) Optimal scenario. The model revealed that the minimum cost of electricity generation from 9,995,855 tonnes of MSW is estimated as USD 387million with a total electricity generation of 50MW /yr in the optimal scenario.
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENT
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIW
- WHAT ARE WASTES?
- ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH PROBLEMS FROM WASTES
- WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CONSTRAINTS IN NIGERIA
- WASTE TO WEALTH OPTIONS
- THE WASTE SITUATION IN MINNA METROPOLIS
- REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
- LINEAR PROGRAMMING IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM)
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODODLOGY
3.1 MODEL FORMULATION
3.2 OPTIMIZATION MODEL
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A significant amount of waste is generated in Minna Metropolis each day which includes solid wastes. Waste is disposed of in landfills, also known as tips, dumps, and dumping grounds leading to different environmental pollution in Minna Metropolis. A significant amount of land, a precious resource is used for dumping waste, many researchers have done different works on the waste management and suggested using waste and recycled materials for construction purposes, such as rice husk, industrial waste such as fly ash, and recycled materials from debris such as plastic, glass bottles, and tyres.
Focusing on the ‘waste to wealth mission’ for identifying, developing, and deploying technologies for recycling materials and obtaining resources valuable from the waste.
This study will precisely address the possibility of wealth creation outside hypothetical statements, which abound from previous studies on waste in Nigeria. For example, Ndubisi-Okolo et al (2016) proposed a study on Waste Management and sustainable development in Nigeria. Ezibgo (2012) wrote on Management of Solid Waste in Nigeria: Challenges and Proposed Solutions; Egun (2012) also wrote on The Waste to Wealth Concept: Waste Market Operation in Delta State; Babayemi et al (2019) proposed their a study on Evaluation of Solid Waste Generation, Categories and Disposal Options in Developing Countries None of the studies delved into actual process of turning waste to wealth for the purpose of creating wealth, which is what this study intend to achieve by throwing entrepreneurial challenge at the indigenous talented and skillful individuals beyond the theoretical postulations.
Different researchers from different higher institutions have done different studies that contributes to the waste to waste initiatives where they were able to separate plastic/nylon, metal and organic fraction from the household wastes. They have fabricated necessary machinery locally (without any imported component) to recycle plastic/nylon, metal scrap and organic matter and established the facilities (with various production capacities) at the following locations:
Pace Setter Organo-mineral Fertilizer Plant
A 10-ton per day capacity “Pace Setter Organo- mineral Fertilizer Plant” was designed and built for Bodija market in Ibadan (1998), Nigeria which is the first prototype demonstration project in the country. This has aroused interest all over the country and the Federal Government has recommended similar prototype for the entire country as a part of “Waste to Wealth Initiative” and as a strategy for “Poverty Alleviation” and Sustainable Development. Based on this, UNDP and UNCHS have engaged expertise in propagating this technology to 36 States in the country through Workshops. University of Ibadan, Sustainable Ibadan Project and Ibadan Waste Management Authority have bagged National and International Merit Awards and appreciation. The Technology is available under the Team “Environmental Development Foundation”.
A 5-ton per day capacity organo-mineral fertilizer plant was designed and built for Ayeye community, Ibadan (2002) where sorting of non-biodegradable and biodegradables were practiced; recyclables and the organo-mineral fertilizer are being sold.
A 5-ton per day capacity food residual conversion to compost (2002) was developed for a flow station at Shell Petroleum Development Company, Forcados, Delta Sate; Turning Waste to Wealth in Nigeria 2001 the compost produced is being used for maintaining their lawns and gardens.
A 10- ton per day capacity “Pace Setter Integrated Waste Management Complex” was designed and built (2005) for Oyo State Government at Orita-Aperin, Ibadan where an organo-mineral fertilizer plant, a plastic recycling plant and a scrap metal recycling plant were designed and built for management of Solid waste generated in Ibadan.
Thus attempt is herein made to combine the existing ideas on waste across the academia and relate it to actual practice to generate new products, develop skills, and generate employment and wealth in this context.
Waste has been known as the only resource materials generated every day in Minna Metropolis. As the construction industry creates a significant load on nature through the demand for raw materials, we have tried to address this question of using waste as our raw material. We have tried to address the issue of reducing stress created by humans in their environment.
The Waste to Wealth Mission is one of nine scientific missions that focuses on methods and ideas for converting waste into something useful to society. The mission is to identify, develop, and deploy technologies for waste treatment, energy generation, material recycling, and resource extraction. Also, with its vast marketing needs, openness to eco-friendly technologies, and unparalleled entrepreneurship that will seeks to develop a low-carbon economy that can alleviate poverty by increasing job availability while minimising environmental impacts.
The aim of this paper is to study the application of linear programming in waste-to-wealth optimization for sustainable development in Minna metropolis. However, the purpose of selecting the study area is because waste is abundantly produced on a daily basis and can direct us to the choice of sustainable technology and usage rather than producing fresh materials, illogically.
1.1 Background of the study
Urban environments face significant challenges in managing resources efficiently while minimizing environmental impact. Effective environmental management requires balancing resource supply and demand, reducing waste, and ensuring sustainability. The increasing urbanization and the necessity for sustainable development have sparked interest in understanding the relationship between urban growth and environmental conservation (Chen et al., 2023). As cities expand, efficient resource management is crucial to mitigate environmental degradation and promote sustainability (Hassan et al., 2020). Smart urbanization strategies, incorporating green technologies and efficient resource utilization, have emerged as key approaches to reduce environmental pollution and enhance resource management, (Xu, 2023) Urban areas are characterized by high population densities and significant resource consumption, leading to increased wastewater generation. For instance, Eludoyin et al. (2024) emphasize that the mismanagement of wastewater not only contributes to the deterioration of water quality but also exacerbates urban flooding, thereby increasing the vulnerability of urban populations to waterborne diseases (MacAfee, 2023). This assertion is supported by Ogwu and Idisi (2024), who argue that inadequate wastewater treatment facilities in urban settings lead to the discharge of untreated effluents into water bodies, creating a cycle of pollution that is difficult to break (Tuanaya, 2024). This research introduces a dynamic programming model in a linear programming form to optimize the management of urban resources.The application of linear programming models in wastewater management allows for the optimization of resource allocation, ensuring that limited resources are utilized efficiently to achieve maximum environmental benefits. Eludoyin, Olisa, and Idisi (2023) present a framework that integrates various factors such as treatment costs, environmental impacts, and regulatory compliance to develop sustainable wastewater management strategies (Avarand et al., 2023). This model not only aids in decision-making but also provides a quantitative basis for evaluating the trade-offs between different management options, thereby facilitating more informed policy-making (Varma, 2023). Furthermore, Ogumeyo and Idisi (2024) demonstrate that such models can help urban planners identify the most cost-effective solutions for wastewater treatment and resource recovery, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable urban environment (Varma, 2023). Traditional models often focus on specific resources or aspects of environmental management. These models have gained significant traction in recent years due to their ability to enhance sustainability, reduce costs, and minimize environmental risks. For instance, Fazli (2023) highlights the increasing popularity of mathematical models in planning water resource distribution, which not only reduces costs for urban stakeholders but also minimizes environmental risks associated with water management. Similarly, Xu (2023) emphasizes the importance of smart urbanization in reducing environmental pollution through technologies like smart grids and efficient waste management systems, showcasing the potential of mathematical models in promoting sustainable resource management in urban areas (Xu, 2023).
Moreover, the interwoven nature of urbanization and the ecological environment is a critical aspect that mathematical models can address to ensure coordinated development and sustainable outcomes. Chen et al. (2023) stress the significance of understanding and analyzing the relationship between urbanization and ecological efficiency to develop effective policies for environmentally sustainable urban development. By utilizing mathematical models, researchers can assess the impact of urbanization on environmental regulation efficiency, as demonstrated in the study by (Zhang et al., 2021), which underscores the importance of integrating urban development with environmental resource governance to mitigate negative impacts on resources and the environment. Furthermore, the role of mathematical models extends to areas such as urban water management, where these models offer insights into optimizing resource allocation and managing water supply and demand effectively. Ogumeyo et al (2014) developed a transportation linear programming algorithm to determine minimum cost routes in the delivery of petroleum product from their supply centers (refinery) to demand centers (filling stations).
Shabani et al. (2020) present a multi-objective optimization model for water management that considers uncertainties in demand and supply, highlighting the value of mathematical modeling in addressing complex urban water challenges. Additionally, Ni et al. (2014) demonstrate the effectiveness of agent-based allocation models in urban water resource management, showcasing how mathematical approaches like the multi-agent Q-learning algorithm can optimize resource allocation and enhance efficiency in water management systems.
In the context of environmental sustainability, mathematical models can aid in assessing the impact of IoT technologies on resource optimization and environmental quality in urban environments. Singh (2024) explores the role of IoT in creating sustainable urban environments by focusing on areas like energy management, smart mobility solutions, and environmental monitoring, illustrating how mathematical modeling can support the optimization of resource usage and overall quality of life in cities. Additionally, Xu (2024) discusses innovative models of waste recycling in urban infrastructure, emphasizing the shift towards viewing waste as a renewable resource to achieve economic and environmental benefits, showcasing the transformative potential of mathematical modeling in promoting sustainability. Similarly, Shen & Liu (2022) highlight the positive impact of circular economy legislation on pollution reduction in urban settings, underscoring how mathematical models can support environmental quality improvements through effective waste management strategies.
Mathematical models play a pivotal role in optimizing environmental resource management in urban settings by providing a structured approach to decision-making, resource allocation, and sustainability initiatives. From water management to waste recycling and urban development, these models offer valuable insights into enhancing resource efficiency, reducing environmental risks, and promoting sustainable practices in urban environments. Models that deal with waste water treatment abound in literature in both scientific and engineering fields of research. In most cases, the goal of these models is to determine efficient techniques that could be used to enhance the quality of water for both domestic and industrial purposes, Mahlati et al. (2016). According to Li et al. (2015), water treatment involves processes such as physical elimination of suspended solids through sedimentation and filtration, bio-oxidization process which involves conversion of left-over suspended solids and dissolved organic impurities into settle-able solids which are then removed by sedimentation method. The final stage of water treatment involves the use of chemical substance to remove the impurities, Saremi et al. (2010).
Both domestic and industrial disposal of liquid and solid wastes in water bodies has been the major causes of water pollution and environmental degradation. Dabrowski et al. (2014), remark that urbanization and industrialization increased rate are major factors which contribute to water usage and pollution. This includes indiscriminate dumping of refuse, open defecations, etc into water bodies such as streams, rivers and seas. Finney et al. (1977), stated that Fan et al. (1971) were the first to apply a mathematical model to wastewater treatment in order to determine optimal policy which minimizes the cost of waste water treatment. The lack of adequate quality water supply in many regions in the world is traceable to water pollution caused by human activities. Basson et al. (1997) opined that if these activities continue, availability of quality water for human consumption will reach critical situations. Sasikumar et al. (1998), applied fuzzy optimization to enhance water quality management in streams and rivers. Their model was later followed by the work of Mujumdar and Vemula (2004).
Some of the mathematical models designed to address wastewater treatment include: Saremi et al. (2010) multi- optimal model which uses linear programming method to determine the level of water pollution in Haraz river in Iran. This model was closely followed by Liu et al. (2011) model which adopted integer programming techniques to ascertain the level of water pollution in Syros and Paros rivers in Greece. Optimal waste water management is also discussed in Gikas et al. (2015). Li et al. (2015), modified programming model and Jundiani (2024) integer programming model were applied to agricultural and urban water resource management respectively. The complexity of the above models suffer set back due to lack of availability of computational facilities. Hence, the need to develop precise models with less computation errors and complexity such as the one presented in this study becomes necessary.
The problem of water pollution can be solved by allowing wastewater undergo a treatment before its disposal. According to Mara (2004), biological activities of micro- organisms can be used to decompose organic compounds in the waste. Wastewater discharged into our water bodies is said to be of quality standards of domestic wastewater if it contains tolerated amount of pollutant elements void of harmful effects, Pratiwi et al. (2019). As contained in Inyim and Liengcharernsit (2012), wastewaters are bi-product of human activities with general waste that are dumped into water bodies. Hence, there is need to treat wastewaters in order to remove these wastes. Mathematical model which could assist policy makers to address the challenge of wastewaters management have been developed. These models have a common objective of describing the relationships between water pollutants and quality techniques for their removal by considering their physical, chemical and biological compositions. Inyims and Liengcharernsit (2012) pointed out that, linear programming, nonlinear programming, dynamic programming and integer programming techniques are used in most cases for wastewater treatment modeling.
In order to achieve quality wastewater treatment, Wuang and Huang (2014), opined that optimization approach is required to help relevant stakeholders assign and manage available resources. According Lan et al. (2015), optimization and integration approaches for modeling urban water use and treatment have proven to be the best methods in tackling water resources management. Stages involved in water system design include the sources of water supply, the type of treatment plants, type of equipment to convey the water to the consumption areas, Chung et al. (2009). Xu et al. (2024), remark that problem of uncertainty in data collections and analysis as a result of human error usually occur in managing water distribution network and treatment process. Consequently, a water supply and wastewater collection model which uses two-stage stochastic programming to address this uncertainty is developed in Naderi and Pishvaee, (2017). The model consists of three stages of water supply.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Wastes, mostly regarded as unwanted and harmful materials, are produced as a result of man’s interaction with nature in an unsustainable manner. The interaction conflicting becomes constant due to the increasing human needs and desire to satisfy endless wants which in turn makes waste management an indispensable task in achieving sustainable development. Waste can be understood based on three cardinal processes – source, effect on humans/environment and the control which are appropriate to deal with it. Despite the negative effect of waste on human beings, some of the wastes are likely to have socio-economic potentials if effective urban mining mechanisms are designed. Different method have been used to optimize the management of waste – to – wealth. The traditional method rely on intuition and may not provide accurate solution, but the application of linear programming enables the optimization of resource allocation, improves decision making quality, and handle uncertainty, making it a powerful tool for various management problems.
This research introduces a dynamic programming model in a linear programming form to optimize the management of urban resources.The application of linear programming models in wastewater management allows for the optimization of resource allocation, ensuring that limited resources are utilized efficiently to achieve maximum environmental benefits. This model not only aids in decision-making but also provides a quantitative basis for evaluating the trade-offs between different management options, thereby facilitating more informed policy-making (Varma, 2023). Furthermore, Ogumeyo et al. (2024) stated that such models can help urban planners identify the most cost-effective solutions for wastewater treatment and resource recovery, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable urban environment (Varma, 2023).
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study
The aim of this work is to study the application of linear programming in waste-to-wealth optimization for sustainable development in MINNA metropolis.
The objectives of this study are:
- To examine waste generation, management and wealth creation in Minna Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria.
- To addresses the possibility of wealth creation beyond theoretical postulations, which abound from previous studies on waste in Nigeria.
- To investigate the optimization of environmental resource management in urban settings using a linear programming approach.
- To review different studies done by different researchers on identifying opportunities that are in recycling waste for using purposes.
- To study different waste that are generated in Minna Metropolis and how their quality can be harnessed into useful products.
- To understand the contribution of waste – to – wealth to a circular economy
1.4 Scope of the study
The scope of this study covers the method and ideas for converting waste into something useful to society. The study involves identifying, developing, and deploying technologies for waste treatment, energy generation, material recycling, and resource extraction using linear programming model.
1.5 Significance of the study
This study will serve as a means of developing a low-carbon economy which can alleviate poverty by increasing job availability while minimizing environmental impacts.
This study will serve as a means of developing fly-ash brick industry in several states across Nigeria.
The application of linear programming models in waste-to-wealth management allows for the optimization of resource allocation, ensuring that limited resources are utilized efficiently to achieve maximum environmental benefits
The use of linear programming will also provide a quantitative basis for evaluating the trade-offs between different management options, thereby facilitating more informed policy-making (Varma, 2023). The application of linear programming models can help urban planners identify the most cost-effective solutions for wastewater treatment and resource recovery, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable urban environment (Varma, 2023).
The study will show how the unprecedented growth in the research and development on waste recycling will contribute to the promotion of artisan-ship and handcraft activity among youths and women in Minna Metropolis.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
Waste recycling will be a profitable venture because it will help to grow the economy of MINNA Metropolis. It will help to create employment among the youths and increase the standard of living of the entire state.
Source reduction backed by effective legislation will encourage companies to use materials that are less hazardous for packaging their products thereby reducing waste and encourage recycling of packages for manufactured products.
This research has comprehensively analyzed how linear programming can effectively optimize waste management strategies, addressing economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. The study has successfully demonstrated that linear programming can accurately forecast waste generation trends, classify waste management practices based on their environmental and economic impacts, and optimize operational processes to enhance overall efficiency. The predictive models developed in this research have shown significant potential in aiding proactive waste management planning, allowing for timely and effective responses to changing waste generation patterns. The linear programming models have provided more profound insights into the viability and sustainability of various waste management methods, guiding decision-makers in choosing the most appropriate strategies for their specific contexts.
A LP model for optimizing the WTW strategy was developed for Minna metropolis as a case study. The model was programmed in GAMS using the CPLEX 12.0 solver and represents an optimized model considering the WTW technology of LFGRS and incineration plants. Optimization results demonstrated that the selection and choice for power generation technology is driven by the cost efficiency factor and energy conversion of a technology. The model revealed that the minimum total cost of electricity generation from MSW is USD 387 million for the entire planning duration within 2011-2025 with an electricity generation of 50MW per year based on the case study. A combination of WTW technologies with two LFGRS and two waste incinerators are suggested to be built as a model city for a period of 13 years from 2012 to 2025, as presented by the analyses in Scenario 3.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
It is in this regards that this study here suggest the following recommendations;
- There is need to provide solid waste management in the yearly budget with a separate head for the purpose of adequate revenue allocation, implementation and monitoring.
- In order to enhance environmental education program and public participation as it affects solid waste management, it should be provided not only through the radio, television and print media but also through grassroots enlightenment campaigns via the chiefs, community leaders.
- To champion the course of effective solid waste management, the involvement, participation and cooperation of local communities and the government is of utmost importance.
- There is dire need to encourage Public, Private, Partnership (PPP) in Solid Waste Planning and Environmental Management.
- There should be serious commitment on the part of Niger State Government to sponsor more research projects into the reduction of solid waste at source, collection and efficient disposal.
- Solid waste management should be integrated in the curricula of primary, secondary and tertiary schools as a way of general enlightenment.
- The government should enact a comprehensive environmental legislation that will encourage source reduction of wastes, environmental sanitation, and other associated issues that will fortify proper implementation. Competent penal institution should be established for reprimand or to convict the offenders.
- There is need for access road to the entire street around the metropolis to be constructed and put in good condition to aid accessibility of the waste collection trucks to all the streets and compound in the area.
- The procurement of more Compaction vehicles will ease the problem of collection to disposal location.
- The optimization programme modeled in this research work has shown that recycling of solid wastes, especially if embarked on industrially, is a very good and big profitmaking business.
- Since this research has created adequate awareness on the economic value of solid waste, the demand for it will be high, therefore eliminating unhealthy dumping of solid waste to appreciable value of 42 percent.
