Description
ABSTRACT
Years from now, with the estimated growth in world population and economic activities, fossil fuels which currently generate more than half of the world’s energy needs would not be able to keep up with this pace because it is a non-renewable source of energy, in other words exhaustible. Nigeria today is witnessing perhaps the worst power generation and distribution crisis in many years. To redress this situation, experts in the field of green energy have since lent their views in support of pursuing renewable energy in delivering power and as well as powering even the remotest parts which are without grid infrastructure. Indeed, the need for alternative energy sources is even more compelling as Nigeria is currently predominantly dependent on electricity generating plants, which rely on gas-fired thermal energy. It’s no news that the continuous use of these resources over the years has made a negative impact on our environment. This has prompted scientists and experts in this field to look elsewhere for energy solutions. The result of this probe is RENEWABLE ENERGY.
Renewable energy in a nutshell is natural energy which cannot be exhausted. That is, it can be used repeatedly without end. This work explains renewable energy as Nigeria future reliable source of energy.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- TYPES OF RENWABLE ENERGY
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- REVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
- RENEWABLE ENERGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- A RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM IN A RURAL AREA
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 SOURCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR A GREEN AND CLEAN WORLD
3.2 INTEGRATION METHOD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
3.3 INTEGRATION METHOD OF WIND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
3.4 GRID CODES OF WIND INTEGRATION
3.5 SOLAR ENERGY INTEGRATION
3.6 WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY INTERGRATION
3.7 ADVANTAGE OF WIND AND SOLAR – HYBRID SYSTEM
3.8 GRID CONGESTION
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
- SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS
- RELIABILITY OF THE SMART GRID
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy is energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services. Renewable energy is one of the means of tackling the global challenges of climate change.
It is now being seen by many people around the world as a cost-effective development solution for developed countries and a developing country such as Nigeria. A report released by international development organisation Oxfam argues that renewable energy is in fact a more affordable energy source than coal for poor people in developing countries around the world. The report argues that as a result of the changing energy landscape around the world, the decreasing price of renewable energies, and the often remote location of the majority of people who don’t have access to electricity, renewable energy may actually offer a more reliable and effective energy source. According to the report of Dr Simon Bradshaw, “Four out of five people without electricity live in rural areas that are often not connected to a centralised energy grid, so local, renewable energy solutions offer a much more affordable, practical and healthy solution. In Nigeria, there is rapid population growth, increase in industrial activities and more energy is consumed, resulting in environmental pollution and economic difficulties. There is need for renewable energy resources utilization globally. For example, the country has adequate fuel supplies (world’s sixth largest exporter of crude oil) yet more than 70 percent of its inhabitants do not have access to electricity for their domestic needs. Renewable energy penetration in Nigeria is still in its nascent stage. It is below that of other widely known energy sources due to technological and economic drawbacks, in addition to deep rooted policy inertia. The only source of renewable energy in the country is hydro-power and biomass; wind and solar energy have only been deployed in minuscule amount. Hydroelectric power plants with installed capacity and those coming on stream cumulatively accounting for roughly 13,000MW. Nigeria faces serious energy crisis due to declining electricity generation from domestic power plants which are basically dilapidated, obsolete, and unreliable and in an appalling state of disrepair, reflecting the poor maintenance culture in the country and gross inefficiency of the public utility provider. Solar energy in Nigeria is majorly used in urban areas for street lighting, while in some rural areas it is used for irrigation project and water pumping. The country has a target in 2007 to produce 7% of its 2025 energy needs from renewable with solar and hydro as the major priority. According to a report by Charles Opara-Ndudu in Thisday Newspaper of 15th March 2015, Nigeria has the potential to exploit its abundant solar energy resources considering its geographic location around the equatorial sun-belt. The country receives abundant sunshine all year round ranging from 6.70kwh/m2/day in Borno State to roughly 4.06kwh/m2/d to 5.86kwh/m2/d in locations such as Calabar in Cross Rivers State. The Federal Capital Territory has a daily horizontal solar radiation ranging from a high of 6.07/kwh/m2/d to a low of 4.42/kwh/m2/d during the month of August. This level of solar radiation across the country can support huge deployment of solar power infrastructures designed to primarily feed in to the regional power distribution entities. The size of the area currently occupied by the insurgents in Borno State can supply sufficient power required by the entire country if well harnessed. Despite the glaring economic constraints of solar power generation, its limited competitiveness, a low capacity factor, in addition to high cost of PV cells, renewable power sources mainly solar power development can support peak time energy consumption and can add considerable capacity directly to the national grid or embedded network of distribution enclaves. In fact, Christine Lins, Executive Secretary of the Renewable Energy Network for the 21st Century, noted that “last year, for the first time in 40 years, economic and emissions growth have decoupled”. The Renewable Energy Network was recently responsible for producing a global study of renewable energy growth over the last 10 years. What they find now, is quite surprising, even to its authors. “If you look back 10 years ago, Renewable energies were providing 3 per cent of global energy, and now, they provide something close to 22 per cent, so that has really sky-rocketed” noted Christine. This is being led most obviously by countries like Uruguay, which aims to generate 90% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2015, and Costa Rica, which maintained 100% renewable energy generation for the first 100 days of this year. These countries are not alone and are fast becoming the normal rather than the ‘alternative’. Even small developing countries such as Burundi, Jordan and Kenya are leading the world in investments in renewable energies as a percentage of GDP.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Nigeria is facing daunting energy challenges. Security concerns over growing fuel imports, limited domestic energy resources for power generation, and projected demands for electricity that will exceed domestic supply capabilities within a few years. By acknowledging the potential of renewable energy resources, the country could possibly meet its unprecedented energy demand, thus increasing electricity accessibility all and enhancing energy security through their advancement. The integration of renewable energy technologies in the power sector through national energy planning would, therefore, is a step in the right direction, not only for sustainable development of the country but also as part of Nigeria’s responsibility toward the global common task of environmental protection. This research paper examines the potential of renewable energy sources for power generation in Nigeria from the viewpoint of different promising available technologies.
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